Circuit Diagram Knowledge: counter

Friday, October 31, 2014

Digital Step Km Counter Circuit Diagram

This circuit measures the distance covered during a walk. Hardware is located in a small box slipped in pants pocket and the display is conceived in the following manner: the leftmost display D2 (the most significant digit) shows 0 to 9 Km. and its dot is always on to separate Km. from hm. The rightmost display D1 (the least significant digit) shows hundreds meters and its dot illuminates after every 50 meters of walking. A beeper (excludable), signals each count unit, occurring every two steps. A normal step was calculated to span around 78 centimeters, thus the LED signaling 50 meters illuminates after 64 steps (or 32 operations of the mercury switch), the display indicates 100 meters after 128 steps and so on.

For low battery consumption the display illuminates only on request, pushing on P2. Accidental reset of the counters is avoided because to reset the circuit both pushbuttons must be operated together. Obviously, this is not a precision meter, but its approximation degree was found good for this kind of device. In any case, the most critical thing to do is the correct placement of the mercury switch inside of the box and the setting of its sloping degree.

Digital Step-Km Counter Circuit diagram:

digital_step_km_counter_circuit_diagram

Digital Step-Km Counter Circuit Diagram

Parts:
R1 = 22K 1/4W Resistor
R2 = 2.2M 1/4W Resistor
R3 = 22K 1/4W Resistor
R4 = 1M 1/4W Resistor
R5 = 4.7K 1/4W Resistor
R6 = 47R 1/4W Resistor
R7 = 4.7K 1/4W Resistor
R8 = 4.7K 1/4W Resistor
R9 = 1K 1/4W Resistor
C1 = 47nF 63V Polyester Capacitor
C2 = 100nF 63V Polyester Capacitor
C3 = 10nF 63V Polyester Capacitor
C4 = 10µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
D1 = Common-cathode 7-segment LED mini-display (Hundreds meters)
D2 = Common-cathode 7-segment LED mini-display (Kilometers)
Q1 = BC327 45V 800mA PNP Transistors
Q2 = BC327 45V 800mA PNP Transistors
P1 = SPST Pushbutton (Reset)
P2 = SPST Pushbutton (Display)
IC1 = 4093 Quad 2 input Schmitt NAND Gate IC
IC2 = 4024 7 stage ripple counter IC
IC3 = 4026 Decade counter with decoded 7-segment display outputs IC
IC4 = 4026 Decade counter with decoded 7-segment display outputs IC
SW1 = SPST Mercury Switch, called also Tilt Switch
SW2 = SPST Slider Switch (Sound on-off)
SW3 = SPST Slider Switch (Power on-off)
BZ = Piezo sounder
B1 = 3V Battery (2 AA 1.5V Cells in series)

Circuit operation:

IC 1A & IC 1B form a monostable multi vibrator providing some degree of freedom from excessive bouncing of the mercury switch. Therefore a clean square pulse enters IC2 that divides by 64. Q2 drives the LED dot-segment of D1 every 32 pulses counted by IC2. Either IC3 & IC4 divide by 10 and drive the displays. P1 resets the counters and P2 enables the displays. IC1C generates an audio frequency square wave that is enabled for a short time at each monostable count. Q1 drives the piezo sounder and SW2 allows disabling the beep.

Notes:

Experiment with placement and sloping degree of mercury switch inside the box: this is very critical.
Try to obtain a pulse every two walking steps. Listening to the beeper is extremely useful during setup.
Trim R6 value to change beeper sound power.
Push P1 and P2 to reset.
This circuit is primarily intended for walking purposes. For jogging, further great care must be used with mercury switch placement to avoid undesired counts.
When the display is disabled current consumption is negligible, therefore SW3 can be omitted.

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Sunday, September 7, 2014

Infrared Object Counter Wiring diagram Schematic

This infrared object counter can be installed at the entry gate to count the total number of people entering any venue. For example, it can be used at the railway stations or bus stands to count the people arriving per day or week.

The counter uses an infrared transmitter-receiver pair and a simple, low-cost calculator. It works even in the presence of normal light. The maximum detection range is about 10 metres. That means the transmitter and the receiver are to be installed (at the opposite pillars of the gate) not more than 10 metres apart. No focusing lens is required. If an 8-digit calculator is used the counter can count up to 99,999,999 easily, and if a 10-digit calculator is used the counter can count up to 9,999,999,999.

Fig. 1: Transmitter schema

Powered by a 9V battery, the transmitter schema (see Fig. 1) comprises IC 555 (IC1), which is wired as an astable multivibrator with a centre frequency of about 38 kHz, and two infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The receiver schema (see Fig. 2) is powered by a 5V regulated power supply built around transformer X1, bridge rectifier comprising diodes D1 through D4 and regulator IC2. It uses an infrared receiver (IR) module (RX1), optocoupler (IC3) and a simple calculator.

When switch S1 is in ‘on’ position, the transmitter schema activates to produce a square wave at its output pin 3. The two infrared LEDs (IR LED1 and IR LED2) connected at its output transmit modulated IR beams at the same frequency (38 kHz). The oscillator frequency can be adjusted using preset VR1.

In the receiver schema, IR receiver module TSOP1738, which is commonly used in colour televisions for sensing the IR signals transmitted from the TV remote, is used as the sensor.

The IR beams transmitted by IR LED1 and LED2 fall on infrared receiver module IR RX1 of the receiver schema to produce a low output at its pin 2. This keeps transistor T1 in non-conduction mode.

Now when anyone enters through the gate to interrupt the IR beam, the IR receiver module produces a high output pulse at its pin 3. As a result, transistor T1 conducts to activate IC3 and its internal transistor shorts key ‘=’ of the calculator to advance the count by one.

Fig. 2: Receiver-cum-counter schema

Both the transmitter and the receiver can be assembled on any general-purpose PCB. Place the transmitter and the receiver around one metre apart.

For calibration, press switches S1 and S2 followed by ‘on’ key of the calculator. Now press ‘1’ and ‘+’ keys sequentially to get ‘1’ on the Lcd of the calculator. Then, place a piece of cardboard between the transmitter and the receiver to interrupt the IR rays two times. If the calculator counts ‘2,’ the counter is working properly for that range. Repeat this procedure for higher ranges as well. If there is any problem, adjust VR1.

For installation, switch off the transmitter, receiver and calculator, and mount the transmitter and the receiver on the opposite pillars of the main entry gate such that they are properly orientated towards each other. Mount the calculator where you can read it easily. Connect pins 4 and 5 of IC3 across ‘=’ key connections on the PCB of the calculator.

Now switch on the transmitter and the receiver by pressing switches S1 and S2, respectively. Thereafter, switch on the calculator and press ‘1’ followed by ‘+’ key of the calculator to initialise it. Now your counter is ready to count.

The calculator reads ‘1’ after one interruption, ‘2’ after second interruption and so on.

Sourced By : EFY Author Rambir Singh

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